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Heartburn (or reflux or oesophageal reflux) is very common. Almost everyone has it at some time. It is a feeling of discomfort or burning or even pain felt rising up from the lower chest into the neck. Some people call it indigestion. Heartburn is due to stomach acid rising up into the oesophagus, where it can cause pain and inflammation.

Helicobacter pylori is a common bacteria that can live in the stomach and can cause stomach inflammation, ulcers or stomach cancer.

Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disease where the immune system reacts abnormally to gluten. For people with coeliac disease, even small amounts of gluten can damage the lining of the small intestine, which prevents the proper absorption of food nutrients.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term used to describe two main diseases: ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, which cause inflammation of the bowel. This inflammation is thought to be due to an imbalance of the immune system, and is not due to an infection.

A bowel polyp is an abnormal fleshy growth extending from the inner wall of the large bowel (colon and rectum).

Bowel cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, develops from the inner lining of the bowel and is usually preceded by growths called polyps, which may become invasive cancer if undetected. Depending on where the cancer begins, bowel cancer may be called colon or rectal cancer.

Diverticular disease is a common condition in which small pouches or “pockets” (known as diverticula) form in the lining of the large bowel or colon. When there are multiple diverticula, this is known as diverticulosis. Diverticulitis is when the diverticula become inflamed or infected.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder that affects the stomach and intestines. Symptoms include cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, gas, and diarrhea and/or constipation.

This is an investigation (using an endoscope) of the upper gastrointestinal tract (oesophagus, stomach, and duodenum) to determine the existence of peptic ulcers, celiac disease, reflux and other problems.

This is an investigation (using a colonoscope) of the lower gastro-intestinal tract (colon and rectum) to determine if there are pre-cancerous polyps, cancer, or inflammatory bowel disease.

Some parts of the small intestine cannot be viewed through a regular endoscope, but can be viewed through this new technique involving capsule endoscopy.